African Journal of Advanced Pure and Applied Sciences

Assessment of Selected Groundwater Quality Parameters in the Suknah area and Their Relationship to Geological Formations Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Their Role in Supporting Sustainable Development

Nabeel Salih Ali Omar, Emhemed Saleh Abdelhadi Khalifa — Sun, 04 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study was carried out in the Suknah area of Jufra Municipality with the aim of assessing the qualitative characteristics of groundwater and evaluating their suitability for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes. The study also examined the relationship between these characteristics and the prevailing geological formations using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Spatial distribution maps for the key groundwater quality parameters were generated through GIS analysis. Nine groundwater samples were collected from wells within the study area. The sampling sites were selected in a representative manner based on hydrogeological characteristics and the spatial distribution of geological formations. The measured parameters included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride (Cl⁻), and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) .GIS interpolation (IDW) was used to generate spatial maps. The results indicate that most wells contain water with highly salinity, with salinity levels exceeding the permissible limits set by both Libyan standards and World Health Organization guidelines. Consequently, the groundwater is unsuitable for drinking and various industrial uses, but remains suitable for irrigating high-salinity-tolerant crops. The findings further reveal that the dominant geological formations, particularly limestone and gypsum, significantly influence the concentrations of dissolved salts in the groundwater. The study provides essential spatial data that can support sustainable water-resource management in the region.

A Study on Subclasses of Harmonic Univalent Functions

Entisar El-Yagubi — Sun, 04 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Harmonic univalent functions constitute an essential branch of the theory of geometric functions, extending the classical theory of analytic functions. Recent studies have focused on constructing new subclasses of harmonic mappings through operator-based approaches, which allow a systematic analysis of their geometric behavior. In this work, we obtain sufficient criteria of the harmonic function classes S_H^k (m,δ,β,λ,α) and C_H^k (m,δ,β,λ,α) corresponding to starlike and convex harmonic mappings associated with k-symmetric points. Moreover, necessary conditions characterizing the membership of a function f in the subclasses TS_H^k (m,δ,β,λ,α) and TC_H^k (m,δ,β,λ,α) are established. Finally, explicit growth inequalities are obtained for functions in TS_H^k (m,δ,β,λ,α).

The Application of the Kruskal-Wallis Test to Study the Influence of Demographic, Social, and Health Factors on the Number of Cesarean Sections

Fatma Khalifa Banini — Mon, 05 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Cesarean section is a globally common surgical procedure with continuously rising rates, underscoring the need to understand its influencing factors. This study aimed to explore the relationship between cesarean sections and certain demographic and health-related factors. An online questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 30 women, and the data was analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests, specifically the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests, to compare groups. The results revealed statistically significant differences in the number of cesarean sections based on the woman’s total number of births, hospital type (public or private), presence of previous complications, and economic situation. These findings indicate that demographic and health-related factors are crucial determinants of cesarean section rates, highlighting their direct influence on childbirth outcomes and clinical practices.

The Immunometabolism Respiratory Infections: Disintegration of Microbial-Immune-Metabolism Crosstalk Regulates Disease Progression

Mon, 05 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Respiratory infections caused by influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), transmission of the viruses that cause the current pandemic and transmission of the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, represent a major health burden globally. Beyond direct pathogen--host interactions, there is mounting evidence that the metabolic programming of immune and structural lung cells--immunometabolism--critically affects outcome of infection. Pathogens then take over or alter metabolic pathways to their advantage for replication and immune cells then rewire metabolism to their advantage against infection, a dynamic metabolic battlefield. This review summarizes the latest progress in immunometabolism from respiratory infections in terms of metabolic-immune-microbial crosstalk, severity of disease, and novel host-directed therapeutic targets. Pathogenic: Across pathogens, infection triggers glycolytic rewiring, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle remodelling, deregulation of lipid and amino acid metabolism metabolic hubs (itaconate/IRG1, succinate/HIF-1a and NAD+/sirtuin axes) are linked to the metabolic flux, cytokine production, ROS signalling and tissue injury. Human metabolomic research presents disease severity fingerprints including lactate, succinate, kynurenine and ceramide pathways. Therapeutically, metabolic interventions (glycolysis inhibitors, itaconate derivatives, NAD+ boosters) hold promise in preclinical models, although only limited clinical translation has been made. Immunometabolic reprogramming: Immunometabolic reprogramming is a determinate of respiratory infection pathogenesis and resolution. Targeting metabolic checkpoints could be a new field for host-directed therapy for emerging treatments, but requires context-specific approaches, combination of spatial-multi-omics, endotyping metabolomics in clinical trials.

Taxonomic on Aquatic Coleoptera species from Helophoridae, Hydrophilidae in Anbasa region, Al Jabal Al Akhdar -Libya

Managi Fawzi Al-Msrati — Sun, 11 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aim to identify some species of aquatic beetles belonging to families Helophoridae and Hydrophilidae Sub Order Polyphaga, samples were collected from the Ain Anbasa reign in Aljaba Alakder, during the period from July 2023 to June 2024, by using aquatic nets randomly from the water surface ,among aquatic plants and from floating leaves the results of this study showed the recording of three species Helophorus milleri (Kuwert,1886) belonging into Helophoridae, Helochares lividus (Forster, 1771), Coelostoma hispanicum (Küster, 1848) belonging into Hydrophilidae, their identification was based on characters of the body morphology and male genitalia.

Knowing the effect of black honey on the germination rate and speed of some Leguminous and grassy plants treated with commercial yeast

Huda Ahmed Saeid Alhadeedi, Fatema Ibrahim Benamer — Mon, 12 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

his experiment was conducted in the water research laboratory of the department of Soil and Water faculty of agriculture, university of Tripoli. During month of April 2023, according to the (split-plot design) at the rate of 30 seeds per ptridish which divided to 3 replicates refared to the concentration (0-4-8-12 gm/L) in order to study the effect of the addition and non addition of Egyptian black honey product made from the Saccharum spp. with yeast extract (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Named (Parakamaia) on the growth percentage of two species of Legumes (Vicia faba L.) and (Pisum sativum L.) also another two species of Gramineases (Triticum aestivum L.) and (Hordeum vulgare L.). The results showed that the (4gm/LConc.) is the greater growth presents to all samples with black honey than that with yeast extract alone. When compared with control samples and yeast extract samples. The average of yeast extract with black honey increased the rate of growth to reach 2.7 days compared with 3.4 days by using yeast extract alone.
The percent and rate of growth of large size seeds compared with the small size seeds. The 12gm/L Concentration showed less growth rate compared with the control.

Effect of Intercropping Barley and Berseem on vegetative growth and productivity

Mohamed Abdalla Emhemmed Hussain — Tue, 13 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The field experiment was conducted at Abu Hadi area-Sirte city, during the winter season 2022-2023 to study the effect of humic acid on vegetative growth and productivity of three cuts of sole barely, sole berseem and their mixture. The experimental design was spilt-spilt plot Design with three replicates: the main plot were allocated to forage crops with sole barley (Hordeum vulgare, L.) cv., Giza 2000, at rate 123.55 kg/ha, berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum, L.) cv., Giza 6, at rate 61.78 kg/ ha, and mixture plants (65% berseem +35 barley) with rate 46.33 kg berseem/ ha + 30.89 kg barley/ ha, the seeds of barley and berseem were mixed at the previous rate and planted by broadcasting on the surface. Three levels of humic acids by rate 3 ,6 and 9 kg/ha, occupied in sub-plot as ground application during the preparing of sowing and three cuts were distributed in sub-sub plot which were taken in season after 60, 90 and 120 day from sowing. Studied characters were vegetative growth i.e. (plant height, number of tillers- branches /m², fresh weight (kg/ha) and dry weight (kg/ha) and yield quality (grain yield (kg/ha), straw yield (kg/ha), biological yield (kg/ha), protein and carbohydrates percentages. Results showed mixture of forage plants produced the best values in all vegetative characters under studied, also, humic acid at 9 kg/ha recorded highest all vegetative growth and 3^rd cut surpassed 1^st and 2^nd cuts in 2022-2023 season. Whereas, Sole barley gave the highest grain yield, while, mixture of forage plants gave the height values of straw yield, biological yield, protein and carbohydrates percentages. Humic acid at 9 kg/ha recorded highest all vegetative characters and yield quality were studied. The highest value for all parameters (vegetative growth and yield quality) were observed under mixture forage plants in the third cut with humic acids at rate 9 kg/ha. The interactions among forage crops and humic acid was highly significantly, also, forage crops and cuts was highly significantly, humic acid and cuts was highly significantly and interaction between forage crops, humic acid and cuts was highly significantly on all vegetative growth and yield quality characters.

Impact of Declining Operational Efficiency on the Production Capacity of Power Plants: A Case Study of the Zawiya Combined Power Station

Abdul-Azim Al-Khudraw, Hassan Hussein Arabi, Muhammad Al-Basheer Al-Dakhili — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to examine the decline in operational efficiency and its impact on the production capacity of the Zawia Combined Power Station by evaluating the actual performance of one gas turbine unit. The methodology was based on collecting operational data from the daily control room reports over a six-month period (from January 16 to June 16, 2023), followed by analysis using standard equations for estimating efficiency and production capacity.
The results indicated that the average efficiency during the study period was 27.5%, compared to the design efficiency of 35%, representing a decrease of 7.5%. This decline was reflected in the generated power, which dropped from 165 MW to approximately 127 MW, resulting in a deficit of 38 MW per hour per unit and a daily deficit of around 912 MWh over 24 hours of operation for each unit. When these findings are extrapolated to all six units of the station, the total loss in production capacity is estimated at approximately 5,472 MWh per 24-hour operational cycle, representing a significant loss at the power generation system level.
The main causes of this decline include non-compliance with the preventive maintenance schedule, unavailability of original spare parts, and issues within the national grid such as frequency fluctuations and synchronization problems. The results also revealed that the type of fuel used has a noticeable effect on performance; thermal efficiency was higher when operating the turbines with natural gas compared to liquid fuel, with a difference of 4.5%.
The study concludes with a recommendation to improve maintenance programs and ensure the availability of appropriate spare parts. It also emphasizes the need for future studies on the impact of operational factors and fuel types on efficiency, in order to enhance the station’s reliability and reduce future deficits in production capacity.

Numerical Structural Analysis of Main Landing Gear System Using ANSYS

Hesham Mraied, Khadeejah Altoumi — Tue, 20 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The structural analysis of titanium (Ti) and aluminum (Al) alloys was conducted using ANSYS. The analysis studied the mechanical properties of these alloys including deformation, stress and strain characteristics under operational loads. The analysis showed that the total deformation of Ti Alloy (2.33 mm) is smaller than that of Al alloy (3.66 mm), indicating that the former alloy exhibited higher structural stability and lower susceptibility to yielding. It was also found that both alloys experienced similar maximum principal stresses of ~23MPa. Moreover, the uniform stress distribution observed for both alloys indicated structural stability and reduced suitability to localized failure. Both Von Mises and principal stress analysis, confirmed the high strength of the alloys under tensile and compressive loads.

The equivalent elastic strain of Ti alloy (0.2 mm/mm) is smaller than that of Al alloy (0.3 mm/mm), which is in agreement with the elastic moduli of both alloys. These results confirm that Ti alloy is suitable for critical aerospace applications where high strengths, reduced deformations and high resistance to fatigue are required. Due to its higher energy absorption and deformation, Al alloy was found to be more suitable for applications where energy dissipation is more desirable compared to structural rigidity. Finally, the structural analysis revealed the importance of material selection in aerospace engineering based on specific performance and safety regulations.

Estimation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers Among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Libya

Zainab Hussein EL Mabrouk, Marwa Emaar Al-joki, Nacereddine Toumi — Wed, 21 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present work is designed to assess the impact of inflammatory and OS biomarkers on the development of CKD. This study included 30 control subjects and 70 CKD patients at stages 2-5, aged 20 to 75 years. Blood specimens were drawn from healthy individuals and patients to estimate kidney parameters, biomarkers of OS (ROS and TAC), and inflammation (IL-1β and CRP). An independent t-test was used for two-group comparisons, ANOVA for multiple comparisons, and Pearson's correlation coefficient for variable relationships. The study revealed progressive renal impairment, with a highly significant decrease (P = 0.000) in estimated Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) across CKD stages. Conversely, serum levels of creatinine and urea were found to be markedly elevated (P = 0.000) in advanced stages compared to early stages and healthy subjects. Additionally, levels of Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were considerably higher in the advanced stages compared to the early stage and healthy controls. Moreover, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was raised considerably (P = 0.03) in advanced stages compared to earlier stages; meanwhile, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were lower in CKD patients and continued to decrease significantly (P = 0.000) in more advanced stages of the disease. Furthermore, ROS levels demonstrated a strong inverse association with eGFR, while showing a strong positive connection with creatinine and urea. In contrast, TAC exhibited a strong positive association with eGFR and negatively correlated with creatinine, urea, and uric acid. Additionally, CRP and IL1β levels were inversely related to eGFR and positively linked with creatinine and urea. Notably, ROS levels revealed a considerable positive association with both CRP and IL1β, while TAC displayed a significant negative correlation with these markers. Our findings demonstrated that inflammatory and OS biomarkers significantly increased in serum during the early stages of CKD. These results underscore their potential for facilitating early detection and improving strategies for prevention and diagnosis.

Toxicity of lead bioaccumulation and its effects on liver, kidney and blood functions in laboratory rats

Saeda Maatoq Ali, Masoud Abo- sathi — Thu, 22 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to determine the bioaccumulation of lead and its effects on blood, liver, and kidney function. The study included 40 male mice. The mice were divided into four groups. They were given intraperitoneal doses of lead daily for 4 weeks. as follows: Control group G1 received distilled water throughout the experiment, Group G2 was injected with a dose of lead of 10 mg/kg-1 .b. w, Group 3G was injected with 50 mg/kg-1.b. w, group G4 was injected with 100 mg/kg-1b. w, after 4 days from the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected and serum was obtained to measure hematological parameters and liver and kidney functions. The results of blood parameters showed a significant decrease (P< 0.05) in the rate of WBC, RBC, HB, HCT higher the lead dose compared to the control group. While MCV, PLT decreased at concentration 100 mg/kg-1. b. w, While the dose of 10 and 50 mg/kg-1 .b. w has the same effect. results showed a significant increase (P< 0.05) in the levels of AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, creatine, urea, and urea acid. The higher the lead dose. While Total protein recorded a significant decrease (P< 0.05) the higher the lead concentration. As for the electrolytes results, the results showed that the groups that took a concentration of 10 and 50 mg/kg-1. b.w, had the same effect on the potassium level, While the group that took dose 100 mg/kg-1 increased the potassium level compared to the control group. The results showed a significant decrease in calcium and magnesium levels with increasing lead concentration compared to the control group. While sodium recorded a significant increase at concentrations of 1.100 mg/kg-1. Lead levels were assessed in kidney, liver, and blood tissues, and the results showed that lead levels increase with increasing dose.

A Comprehensive Analytical Framework for Contention Resolution in Optical Burst Switching Networks: Performance Evaluation and Future Directions

Athman Ahmed Alkilany, Tareq Ahmed Alkilany — Sat, 24 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The increasing exponential growth of internet traffic across the world has put the further pressure on the need of having efficient optical network architecture that is able to exploit the vast bandwidth that the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems promises. Optical Burst Switching (OBS) has come to be a promising paradigm that will strike a balance between the granularity of optical packet switching and the practical limits of available optical technology. Nevertheless, the basic problem of burst contention is the main performance bottleneck of OBS networks. This general review is a detailed analysis of three major schemes of contention resolution: burst preemption, segmentation and deflection routing. Our comprehensive simulation and analytical modeling approach gives us a strict performance evaluation framework which proves that segmentation decreases the overall burst loss probability by 70-90 percent without sacrificing the fairness index of Jain which is over 0.85. Preemption can ensure almost zero loss in high-quality traffic categories but at the cost of severe losses of fairness in the case of heavy loads. The performance threshold of deflection routing is 0.5 Erlang where instability in the network leads to degradation of performance. In our study, a new adaptive hybrid model has been proposed, which selects resolution strategies according to the dynamic network conditions, and this offered 95 per cent improvements in quality of service (QoS) compliance. The paper ends with implementation guidelines and specifying promising research directions to be pursued with intelligent contention management in next-generation optical networks.

Evaluating the Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccines in Reducing Infection and Symptomatic Presentation in Libya

Najat M. Al- Ghatmi, Hosni A- Dawadi, Ali Dow, Kunouz Quraysiah, Amani Ziada — Sat, 24 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 remains the primary global strategy to mitigate the pandemic and reduce viral contamination and transmission. Despite full vaccination, breakthrough infections can still occur, as evidenced by international clinical data. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing infection and reducing the severity of symptoms among Libyan citizens. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between September 2021 to February 2022, collecting data from 1,183 vaccinated and 275 unvaccinated individuals. The results showed an infection rate of 10.4% among the vaccinated group compared to 25.4% in the unvaccinated control group. Statistically significant differences were observed in both infection rates and symptom severity between the two groups. Furthermore, household contact with infected family members was identified as the most prevalent source of infection among vaccinated participants.

Assessing the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in (UTIs) patients age groups

Salimah M. Alsuwayah, A. R. Elkhouly, Mohamed O. Albasha — Mon, 26 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium of significant clinical importance, is recognized as the etiological agent responsible for an extensive array of infections that can affect both individuals receiving outpatient care as well as those who are admitted to hospitals for medical treatment. This particular microorganism is widely acknowledged as one of the most prevalent contributors to the incidence of nosocomial infections, which are infections acquired in hospital settings, across numerous healthcare facilities in various countries situated around the globe.

Objectives: the primary objective of the research being conducted in this study is to meticulously assess and analyze the prevalence and distribution of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus within the context of urinary tract infections (UTIs) among patients of varying ages and sexes within the designated geographical area under investigation.

Methods: The present investigation was meticulously carried out at the Sabratha Central Hospital over an extensive timeframe spanning from September to November 2025., during which a comprehensive analysis was undertaken. The biological samples were systematically collected from a cohort of patients diagnosed with urinary tract infections (UTIs), comprising a total of 572 individuals, among which 377 were identified as females and 195 as males, all of whom were duly registered participants in this particular research endeavor, and both urine and semen samples were acquired under strictly aseptic conditions to ensure the integrity of the subsequent microbial culture analyses. Furthermore, the patients involved in this study were categorized into a total of 17 distinct age groups, allowing for a nuanced examination of the data across various demographic segments.

Results: A comprehensive analysis involving 572 patients, comprising 377 females and 195 males, was performed with urine samples cultured on CLED agar for microbiological assessment. In female samples, The age group 21-25 showed the highest infection rate at 19.84%, followed by 26-30 years at 16.79%, highlighting the prevalence of urinary tract infections in these demographics. In male samples, the 0-5 years age group had the highest infection rate at 37.75%, succeeded by the 6-10 years group at 7.14% of positive samples collected. A meticulous analysis of 69 male patients undergoing semen analysis involved culturing samples on CLED agar for microbiological evaluation, revealing 21 samples with positive microbial growth. The age group 36-40 demonstrated the highest infection rate at 33.33%, followed by 26-30 years at 28.57%, emphasizing significant public health implications.

Sustainable Safety–Health–Environment (SHE) Strategies in the Oil Sector: Challenges, Successes, and Future Directions

Abdurahim Mustafa E. Ghania — Mon, 26 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study explores sustainable strategies for Safety, Health, and Environmental (SHE) management in the oil and gas industry, emphasizing challenges, achievements, and future prospects. The research aims to analyze how SHE systems contribute to improved safety outcomes, environmental compliance, and operational performance.

A qualitative research approach was adopted, relying on secondary data, including industry case studies, regulatory reports, and peer-reviewed publications. SHE performance was evaluated using recognized sustainability metrics and frameworks such as ISO 45001 and ISO 14001.

Results indicate that integrated SHE management systems, supported by technological advancements like drone inspections, artificial intelligence-driven predictive maintenance, and satellite-based methane detection, significantly enhance operational safety and environmental monitoring. Organizational culture and workforce engagement emerged as critical drivers of SHE success. However, challenges persist, including high implementation costs, regulatory inconsistencies, cultural inertia, and gaps in supply chain compliance.

The findings highlight the need for a systemic approach that integrates advanced technologies, fosters cultural change, and harmonizes regulations to ensure long-term SHE sustainability. Future studies should explore the longitudinal impact of integrated SHE systems and the role of emerging technologies and human factors in enhancing industry performance.

Comparing the mechanical and expected microstructural properties of (TIG) spot welding and resistance spot welding in automobile body restoration

Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Resistance spot welding is widely used in automobile industries due to its low cost, quality, and ease of implementation. In spite of that, the process often faces limitations related to the accessibility and variations in joint strength relative to the original manufacturing when performing restoration. The purpose of this study is to overcome these difficulties by comparing the mechanical and expected microstructural properties of TIG spot welding to offer a good alternative. This comparison includes peel testing, tensile testing, shear testing, and hardness testing. The results showed the welded dimensional nugget size is comparable to that produced by resistance spot welding, and TIG-spot welded samples showed a lower hardness but a higher tensile and shear strength. These results suggest future optimization of the parameters to achieve accurate weld spot sizes comparable to resistance spot nugget size or implant the same processes in an automated TIG welding machine.

Morphological Identification and Characterization of Pathogenic Fungi Associated with Imported and Local Fruits and Vegetables from Selected Retail Outlets in Tripoli, Libya

Afaf A. Sawei, Safia K. Badweb, Alia Dozana, Yousef Azzoa — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to isolate and identify pathogenic fungi associated with imported and local fruits and vegetables from retail markets in Tripoli. A total of 52 samples—including mango, orange, lemon, and tomato (both imported and local)—were collected and cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), yielding 510 fungal isolates identified at both genus and species levels. The dominant genera included Aspergillus, Mucor, Rhizopus, Saccharomyces, and Penicillium. Mucor sp. was most frequent in imported mangoes (49.3%), Saccharomyces sp. predominated in Abu-Sitta mangoes (45.6%), and Rhizopus sp. dominated in local mangoes (33%). Saccharomyces sp. was also prevalent in both imported and local oranges, while Mucor, Saccharomyces, and A. flavus were recurrent in lemon and tomato samples. The findings highlight the widespread presence of postharvest fungal contaminants in Tripoli’s produce markets and underscore the need for improved sanitation, storage, and handling practices to reduce fungal spoilage and safeguard consumer health.