African Journal of Advanced Pure and Applied Sciences

Physicochemical Fingerprinting and Pollution Indicators of Hemodialysis Wastewater in a Developing Mediterranean Region

Malak A. D. Lajerd, Basmah A. Aldeeb, Wafa A. Aldeeb, Adel A. S. Banana — Sun, 05 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Wastewater generated from dialysis centers represents a significant environmental concern due to its complex physicochemical composition. These properties may alter environmental conditions and pose potential risks to ecosystem stability and public health. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of blood dialysis waste and water rejected from the treatment units from dialysis centers in Riqdalin and Al-Jamil hospitals. Samples were collected periodically from the discharge points of both centers over a period of four months, from August to November 2025, and tested in accordance with standard methods of wastewater analysis. The physicochemical investigation focused on the extent of temperature (T), potential hydrogen (PH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrates (NO₃⁻), nitrites (NO2-), total nitrogen, total organic carbon (TOC), total phosphorus, and Oil & Grease. During an evaluation of effluent physicochemical properties of wastewater analysis, the effluents analyzed showed non-compliant with the WHO and Libyan standard specifications. The findings indicate an urgent need to develop specialized treatment strategies for this waste prior to final discharge to mitigate its environmental and health impacts.

Synthesis and Evaluation of New Pyrazoline Derivatives as Potential Anti-breast cancer Agents

Mariam Abubaker Salem — Thu, 09 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Using creative, effective anticancer therapeutics, new kinds of heteroaryl pyrazoline compounds were synthesized, designed, and studied based on their anti-proliferative effects against breast cancer cell lines. The following pyrazoline derivatives were designed and synthesized: 5-(naphthalene-2-yl)-3-(phenyl)-1-tosyl-1H-pyrazole (NAPT) and 3-(4-N,N-dimethylamino)-phenyl)-5-(naphthalene-2-yl)-1-tosyl-1H-pyrazole (DMNAPT) Using naphthyl-chalcone derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized and were determined using IR and ¹H-NMR spectra. Antitumor activity was also evaluated using the MTT assay. It was discovered that the compounds synthesized from 2-naphthyl chalcones (M1 and M2) exhibited relatively better anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Among the compounds that were evaluated, NAPT and DMNAPT were observed to have significantly moderate anti-proliferative activity on the MCF-7.

Fruit fly as a biological model for detecting the effects and toxicity of environmental pollutants on living organisms in the city of Benghazi

Mon, 13 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The risk of environmental pollution is increasing year after year. To assess the impact and toxicity of pollution, the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) was used as a biological tool for this purpose. Accordingly, this study was conducted in several geographical locations within the city of Benghazi with the aim of monitoring and characterizing morphological mutations in the fly to detect the presence of environmental pollutants in the area.Random samples were collected from several regions during two consecutive seasons, namely the spring season 2024/2025 and the autumn season 2025/2026. The results of the morphological analysis showed the occurrence of a mutation related to wing deformity during the spring season in the areas of Sidi Khalifa, Al-Salam district, and Al-Majouri. In contrast, the same mutation was observed during the autumn season in the regions of Al-Halis, Qanfouda, and Al-Fuwayhat, along with a noticeable enlargement of the eyes in some samples collected from the Buatni area, indicating a possible variation in mutation patterns depending on environmental differences between locations.It is noteworthy that all individuals carrying the recorded mutations were females, except in the Al-Majouri area, while in the autumn season males were recorded in the areas of Al-Halis and Al-Fuwayhat. Statistical analysis showed that the percentages of affected males, females, and overall cases were (13.1 - 17.0 - 16.1)%, respectively, with an increase in infection cases in the second season, and females had higher rates in both seasons.The Chi-square results showed statistical significance in the regions and in the mutated cases for males, females, and overall, estimated at 27.1 - 45.8 - 120 - 165.4, respectively, at P < 0.05. The highest infection rate was observed in western Benghazi, and the infection ratio for males was one for every four females. This supports the need for further studies to understand and clarify the relationship between sex and mutation occurrence.

Study on the Effect of Delayed Field Compaction Duration on the Properties of Subgrade Soil in Road Construction

Sat, 18 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study discusses the evaluation of the physical and mechanical changes occurring in the unbound granular base layer due to prolonged exposure to weathering and traffic loading prior to the final compaction and asphalt covering. The research adopted a comparative methodology encompassing three main phases. It began with the characterization of the source material and verification of its compliance with standard specifications (ASTM D422, AASHTO T180) in terms of particle size distribution and mechanical properties. In the second phase, a notable deterioration in the soil's structural framework was observed after one year of being laid bare, where storm water runoff and vehicle movements caused the particle size distribution to deviate from the allowable design limits, accompanied by a tangible increase in the percentage of fine particles and loss of layer stability.

In its third phase, the study moved to the practical side by treating the deteriorated soil and re-adjusting its gradation instead of fully replacing it. The results showed that the process of "gradation adjustment" by adding precise proportions of sand and coarse aggregate (1% sand, 1.5% coarse aggregate of size 20–30 mm, and 1% aggregate of size 0–5 mm) succeeded in bringing the gradation curve back within the specification limits. The study concluded that leaving base layers exposed leads to substantial changes in their properties, necessitating engineering re-adjustment. It recommended conducting periodic verification tests and adopting localized addition techniques as an economical and sustainable solution for restoring the design efficiency of the road.

Random use of Antibiotics and prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria

Saleh Abdualkarim, Ahmed Basheer — Sun, 19 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study evaluated the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates against a panel of commonly used antibiotics. Resistance percentages were calculated based on the number of resistant isolates relative to the total number of tests performed for each antibiotic. The results revealed considerable variability in resistance rates among the tested antibiotics. Cefuroxime demonstrated complete susceptibility (0% resistance), while gentamicin and cefotaxime showed low resistance rates of 17.4% and 19.0%, respectively. Moderate resistance levels were observed for ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone, with resistance rates ranging between 22% and 30%, whereas trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, augmentin, and streptomycin exhibited relatively higher resistance rates ranging from 36% to 43%. In contrast, high resistance rates exceeding 50% were recorded for tetracycline (52.2%), erythromycin (55.6%), doxycycline (66.7%), amoxicillin (60%), and ampicillin– Cloxacillin (APX) 60%. The highest resistance level was observed for nalidixic acid (100%), indicating complete loss of efficacy

In-Silico Investigation of Selected Phytochemicals as Potential Androgen Receptor Modulators: A Molecular Docking and ADMET Study

Mon, 20 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Androgen Receptor (AR) is a fundamental therapeutic target for hormone-sensitive diseases, including prostate cancer. This study employed a computational workflow to evaluate the binding potential of five selected phytochemicals—Quercetin, Ursolic acid, β-sitosterol, Berberine, and Rutin—against the human AR (PDB ID: 2AMB). Ligand and receptor preparation were performed using Discovery Studio, while text editing and parameter adjustment were facilitated through Notepad++. Molecular docking was conducted using AutoDock Vina, and molecular visualization and interaction analysis were carried out with PyMOL. Docking results demonstrated that Quercetin and Berberine exhibited the most favorable binding energies of −8.8 kcal/mol and −8.7 kcal/mol, respectively, indicating strong binding affinity for the AR pocket. Evaluation of drug-likeness using Lipinski’s and Veber’s rules revealed that Quercetin and Berberine comply with pharmacokinetic criteria, whereas Ursolic acid, β-sitosterol, and Rutin showed multiple violations. ADMET predictions further identified Quercetin as possessing favorable oral absorption and metabolic profiles. Detailed molecular interaction analysis elucidated the key amino acid residues stabilizing the ligand within the AR binding pocket. These findings support and underscore supporting the identification of Quercetin as the most promising lead compound for AR modulation, providing a computational foundation for subsequent in vitro and in vivo investigations to validate Quercetin as a potential AR modulator.

Advancing Drinking Water Distribution Systems through Smart Water Applications: Insights, Benefits, and Lessons Learned

Ali EL-Turki — Sun, 26 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The global water sector is increasingly challenged by population growth, urbanization, climate change, and water scarcity. Conventional management practices are proving inadequate to address leakage, inefficiency, and rising demand, underscoring the need for digital and data-driven solutions. This study investigates the role of Smart Water Applications, with particular focus on Smart Water Metering (SWM), in enhancing drinking water distribution systems. Using a multiple case study approach, SWM adoption in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and South Korea is analyzed, highlighting both pilot projects and large-scale deployments. Findings show that national policies, regulatory frameworks, financial support, and institutional readiness shape adoption trajectories. Across contexts, SWM provides wide-ranging benefits, including reduced water losses, enhanced leakage detection, cost savings, and improved customer engagement. Crucially, the study identifies significant gains in asset and maintenance management, such as predictive maintenance, optimized infrastructure monitoring, reduced operational disruptions, and extended asset lifecycles. Despite persistent challenges—most notably high upfront costs and legacy system integration—SWM emerges as a transformative pathway for improving efficiency, resilience, and sustainability in water distribution. The insights presented offer valuable lessons for utilities, policymakers, and stakeholders aiming to advance digital water innovation worldwide.

A Predictive Model for Attenuation and Phase Rotation in Mono- and Polydisperse Dusty Media at MW and mm-Wave Bands

Fowzi S. Alarabi, Hamza A. Juma — Wed, 06 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper presents a theoretical framework for predicting the attenuation and phase rotation of electromagnetic waves propagating in dusty storm environments. A mathematical model based on Rayleigh scattering theory and forward-scattering amplitude is developed for both monodisperse media (uniform particle-size distribution) and polydisperse media (exponential particle-size distribution). The model is used to evaluate the differential attenuation and phase shift of electromagnetic waves while explicitly accounting for non-spherical dust particles with different aspect ratios.

Published values of the dielectric constant and dust density in Libya are incorporated into the calculations across the X-, Ka-, V-, and E-bands. In addition, the study introduces an expression relating visibility to dust concentration and integrates it into the proposed models through visibility and frequency dependencies. Simulation results show strong agreement with selected published data. The results indicate noticeable differences in attenuation and phase behavior between mono- and polydisperse dry-dust media. These effects become more pronounced under severe visibility conditions or at shorter wavelengths, with the polydisperse medium exhibiting stronger impacts.

Hydro-Engineering Dynamics of Groundwater Rise and Urban Waterlogging in Arid Environments: An Integrated Review and Case Study of Sokna City in Libya

Mohmed Ahmed Yami, Gazala Sanusi Yami — Sat, 09 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Groundwater rise in arid urban environments poses a critical hydro-engineering challenge with serious consequences for infrastructure integrity, public health, and environmental sustainability. This study presents a field-based investigation of groundwater rise and waterlogging in Sokna City, Aljufra district, central Libya, a hyper-arid setting characterized by complex carbonate–argillaceous stratigraphy and severely deteriorated water and sewage infrastructure. The monitoring programmed spanned five months (March–July 2025), deliberately selected as the post-winter recharge window during which groundwater flooding and swamp formation reach their annual maximum in the Aljufra hydro climatological regime. Biweekly depth measurements at ten representative swamp sites documented cumulative water-table rise exceeding (100cm) during the April recharge peak, followed by evaporation-driven recession through July. A critical field observation was the identification of a perennial lake exhibiting year-round waterlogging, independent of seasonal rainfall interpreted as evidence of sustained anthropogenic recharge from chronic infrastructure leakage, and designated as the priority site for a future full-year monitoring programmed. Hydrogeological analysis confirmed that a compound low-permeability sequence of compact Miocene limestone overlying expansive clay generates perched aquifer conditions sustaining surface waterlogging across the urban fabric.

A three-layer Hydro-Engineering Interaction Framework (HEIF) is developed integrating recharge inputs, subsurface hydraulic constraints, and surface hydrological manifestations. Engineering recommendations include dimensioned subsurface drainage alignments at (1.5–2.0m) depth, targeted network rehabilitation to reduce non-revenue water losses from (~40% to below 15%), and mandatory foundation waterproofing standards. Findings are contextualized within the Libyan national experience, with explicit comparison to the Zliten waterlogging case.

Enhancing the Physiological Performance and Nutrient Utilization Efficiency in Two Faba Bean Cultivars via Nano, Mineral, and Chitosan Fertilization

Sanussi Ahmad, Mohammed Elmahdi, Bilkess M. A. Salim — Sun, 10 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted during the 2024/2025 harvest season in Sebha, Libya, to evaluate the physiological performance and nutrient use efficiency of two faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars, under fertilization treatments: control, recommended mineral NPK, nano NPK, chitosan, 50% nano NPK + 50% mineral NPK, mineral NPK + chitosan, and nano NPK + chitosan. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used during current study. Water content, chlorophyll content, relative growth rate (RGR), the utilization efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were evaluated. The combined application of nano NPK + chitosan resulted in the highest improvement in most of the studied parameters across treatments. The imported cultivar consistently outperformed the local cultivar in all evaluated traits, exhibiting greater leaf water content (88% vs. 80%), chlorophyll concentration (48% vs. 41%), relative growth rate (66 vs. 56 g/g/day), nitrogen use efficiency (57 vs. 46 kg/kg), phosphorus use efficiency (28 vs. 22 kg/kg), and potassium use efficiency (54 vs. 46 kg/kg). Nano-fertilizers and chitosan significantly enhanced water retention, photosynthetic efficiency, growth, and nutrient utilization, with the imported cultivar showing higher responsiveness. The findings suggest that the integration of nano-fertilizers and chitosan is an effective strategy to improve faba bean productivity in semi-arid regions of North Africa.

Time-Validated Latent Fault Detection in Gas Turbines Using Physics-Based Features and Interpretable Decision Trees

Mon, 11 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study addresses fault detection in gas turbines under sensor-limited conditions, where diagnostically informative measurements such as emissions and internal variables are unavailable. A leakage-aware framework is proposed using only five readily available thermodynamic sensors (AT, AP, TAT, AFDP, TEY). To compensate for missing measurements, physics-based features grounded in Brayton cycle principles are constructed. A proxy fault label is generated offline using high-fidelity variables (TIT, GTEP, CO, NOx), which are assumed to be unavailable during real-time deployment. A Decision Tree classifier is selected to ensure interpretability in safety-critical environments. To reflect realistic industrial conditions, a strict time-based validation strategy is adopted. The results show that the proposed model achieves an F1-score of 0.703, a Recall of 0.881, and an AUC of 0.951. Furthermore, random split validation is found to overestimate performance by approximately 5.7% in F1-score, highlighting the risk of optimistic bias in conventional evaluation practices. The proposed framework provides a practical and interpretable solution for fault detection under constrained sensing conditions, with direct applicability to legacy turbine systems.

Changes in some chemical quality of olive oil during the season in the Al-Jafara region – Libya

Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to evaluate the seasonal variations in the chemical quality of olive oil produced in the Al-Jafara region - Libya during the 2025 harvest season. A total of 33 olive oil samples were collected after extraction from mills. during November and December.

The analyses included free acidity, peroxide value, and oil extraction yield. The results revealed significant increases (P < 0.05) in free acidity and peroxide value in December compared to November. Mean acidity increased from 1.10% to 1.50%, while peroxide value rose from 11.05 to 18.03 meq O₂/kg. Conversely, extraction yield increased from 21.54% to 24.02%. These findings indicate that fruit ripening enhances oil yield but negatively affects oil quality due to increased oxidation and hydrolysis processes. The study highlights the importance of optimizing harvest timing and improving storage conditions to maintain olive oil quality.

Extraction and Determination of Aliphatic Alkanes in Marine Sediment Samples from the Coast of Tripoli (Libya)

Jumaa Al-Mansouri Tantoush — Wed, 13 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study, conducted on sediments from the coast of Tripoli, Libya in 2025, aimed to monitor marine pollution by assessing the spatial distribution and molecular composition of PAH (normal alkanes C9–C20) in surface sediments. Total organic carbon (TOC) was measured, and hydrocarbons were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed that sediments were predominantly sandy (89.61%–99.8%), indicating a high-energy hydrodynamic environment that limits organic matter accumulation, as reflected by low TOC values (0.023%–0.079%). Statistical analysis revealed a strong negative correlation between sand and TOC (r = -0.84) and a positive correlation between silt and TOC (r = 0.79), confirming the role of fine particles in retaining organic matter. Total alkanes (∑C9–C20) ranged from 1510.1 to 8812 ng/g, with an average of 4770 ng/g, showing high spatial variability (coefficient of variation = 60.8%), suggesting the influence of local pollution sources. The highest concentrations were recorded at stations S5, S4, and S7, indicating accumulation zones linked to marine activities. Molecular distribution was dominated by long-chain alkanes (C15–C20), reflecting terrestrial petroleum and plant inputs, while lighter compounds (e.g., C9) at some sites indicate recent contamination. Correlation analysis showed a strong relationship between hydrocarbons and clay (r = 0.822), but a weak relationship with TOC (r = 0.079), indicating that hydrocarbon distribution is mainly controlled by sediment texture and external inputs. These findings highlight the combined influence of sediment characteristics, hydrodynamics, and human activities, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring and sustainable coastal management.

Estimation of Soil Salinity for Samples from Jabal Al-Akhdar, Ras Lanuf and Benghazi, Eastern Libya

Salma G. Zbeda, Antesar J. Elmagirbi, Ayyadah A. Ahmed, Amal G. Saaid — Thu, 14 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study was conducted to estimate soil salinity in samples taken from Jabal Akhdar, Ras Lanuf, and Benghazi. Samples were collected at a depth of 20 cm and analyzed to measure pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), moisture content, organic matter content, and carbonates and bicarbonates. The results showed that the soils in these areas are neutral to slightly acidic, with pH values ranging from 5.8 to 7, electrical conductivity values ranging from 0.254 to 0.755 dS/m, and total dissolved solids content ranging from 154 to 434 mg/L. These soils are characterized by low water retention capacity, with moisture content not exceeding 5.7%, and very low organic matter content, not exceeding 0.16%. These soils are characterized by not containing carbonate and bicarbonate salts.

Storage and Preservation of Water Samples for Chemical Analysis

Sat, 23 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Sample storage and preservation are important steps in water chemical analysis. There are many changes may occur during the sample storage step. To minimize changes between sample collection and the analysis some probable problems have been discussed and some recommendations for sample preservation e.g. chemical additions, temperature control, choice of sampling container and holding time have been given.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Clinical Practices Regarding Denture Base Materials Among Dental Students and Practitioners

Salma A. Elnaili — Sun, 24 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Denture base materials are critical for the success of removable prosthodontic treatments, influencing both functional performance and longevity. Differences in the physical, mechanical, and biological properties of these materials may influence clinical performance, patient satisfaction, and material selection. Recent advances in digital dentistry, including CAD/CAM and 3D printing, have introduced alternative denture base materials and fabrication techniques; however, their routine clinical use remains limited. This cross-sectional study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practices of 171 dental students and practitioners in Libya, regarding denture base materials, as well as factors affecting their selection. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests (p < 0.05). While 69% correctly identified polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as the predominant material, 64.3% recognized that high-impact acrylic resins improve impact strength. Conventional heat-cured PMMA remained the most frequently used material in clinical practice (57.9%), whereas routine use of CAD/CAM-milled and 3D-printed denture bases was reported by only 9.4% and 8.2% of participants, respectively. High levels of knowledge were observed in 41.5% of participants and were significantly associated with clinical experience (p = 0.021) and specialty (p = 0.003). Material selection was primarily influenced by patient preference (64.3%), mechanical strength (62.0%), and cost (50.3%). Despite increasing awareness of modern denture base technologies, their routine clinical implementation remains limited, highlighting the need for enhanced education, training, and access to digital tools.

An Explainable XGBoost Model That Maps Breast Cancer Nuclear Biomarkers to Specific Genes and Pathways

Soha Mustafa Salih — Mon, 25 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, with over 2.26 million new cases and 684,000 deaths in 2020. Although next generation sequencing has advanced mutation detection, interpreting high dimensional morphological and genomic data remains challenging. Most machine learning models operate as “black boxes” lacking biological interpretability. This study develops an explainable AI framework using XGBoost on the Wisconsin Breast Cancer dataset (569 samples, 30 nuclear features) to classify malignancy and map morphological biomarkers to specific genes. The model achieved 97.3% accuracy, 0.98 sensitivity, 0.96 precision, and an AUC of 0.99.The top biomarkers worst concave points, worst perimeter, and worst area—were genetically linked to nuclear envelope instability (LMNA, LMNB1), actin dysregulation (ACTN4, CTNNA1), aneuploidy (MYC, E2F1), and epigenetic changes (EZH2). Chromatin texture was independent of nuclear size (r ≤ 0.37), indicating separate genetic controls. Unlike prior studies that report accuracy without biological grounding, this work offers testable genetic hypotheses and a clinically actionable pre screening tool for genetic laboratories, reducing unnecessary invasive procedures and advancing precision medicine.

Reconstructing Ancestral Connections in the Sahara Using the COI Gene: The Role of Western Libyan Cerastes cerastes in Biodiversity Conservation and Forensic Identification

Tarek Shoieb — Mon, 25 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

North African horned vipers (Cerastes cerastes) represent a widespread but poorly understood species complex across Saharan and Sahelian regions. Libya, despite its central geographic position, remains critically under-sampled in molecular phylogenetic studies of this group. Here we present the mitochondrial COI barcode sequence (621 bp) of a Cerastes cerastes specimen from the Nalut region (western Libya, near the Tunisian border). We compared this sequence to 11 conspecific sequences from Egypt, Chad, Niger, Mauritania, Morocco, and two outgroup species (Cerastes gasperetti, Cerastes vipera) using Maximum Likelihood (ML), Neighbor-Joining (NJ) phylogenetic reconstruction, Median-Joining network analysis, and pairwise genetic distances under the Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) model. Our results reveal that the Libyan Nalut specimen forms a strongly supported clade (bootstrap 99–100%) with populations from Morocco (Figuig and Oued Lakhchab) and Mauritania (Tiris Zemmour, Tagant, Trarza, Dakhlet-Nouadhibou), showing close genetic affinity (mean K2P distance ~0.032–0.034). In contrast, the Libyan haplotype is genetically distant from Egyptian and Chadian populations (mean distance ~0.045–0.063), suggesting a phylogeographic break coincident with the Libyan Desert and the Nile River corridor. The Median-Joining network demonstrated a novel haplotype in the Nalut region, which could indicate to cryptic diversity and potential local endemism. These findings could have direct implications for snake conservation in Libya, taxonomic revision of the Cerastes cerastes complex, and forensic identification. We strongly recommend expanded sampling across Libya’s diverse ecoregions to fully document the hidden genetic diversity in this understudied North African biodiversity hotspot.

Using Artificial Intelligence in Programming Language Education: A Review of Tools, Applications, Benefits, and Challenges

Ashraf Faraj Saed Albarki, Esam Miftah Abdulnabi Aboudoumat — Mon, 25 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In recent years, there has been significant development in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) applications and tools in the educational field, particularly in learning programming and programming languages This review paper examines the role of AI in programming language education by analyzing major tools, educational applications, advantages, and associated challenges. The paper also discusses the most important AI-based tools used in programming education, such as Deep Code and GitHub Copilot, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of these tools and their impact on students and teachers. The results indicate that using AI in programming education contributes to improving programming comprehension, reducing errors, supporting self-learning, and accelerating the software development process.

Isolation and identification of fungi associated with strawberry fruits collected from three local markets in Al-Bayda City, Libya

Maryam F. A. Atiyah — Wed, 27 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa) are a fruit crop of high nutritional value and significant economic importance, cultivated worldwide. However, they are susceptible to fruit rot, leading to substantial crop and economic losses. This study was conducted to isolate the fungi associated with strawberries. Strawberry samples were collected from local markets in the city of Al-Bayda. The isolation was carried out by the agar plate method on PDA medium at 28^oC following a period of incubation. Strawberries sterilized with sodium hypochlorite and non-sterilized strawberries were used. The isolated fungi were identified depending on some characteristic morphologically such as colony characters include shape, size, color, surface texture, size and reverse of the colony/bottom of the colony. and microscopically such as the shape of conidia, conidiophores and septate hyphae (septate) and aseptate hyphae (non-septate). In this study, the results indicated that the fungi identified from the tested strawberries were as follows: Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium chlamydosporium, Penicillium crustosum and Rhizopus sp. The strawberries contained a higher percentage of contaminated fungi due to their high moisture content, which reached 85.7%. Therefore, it is essential to monitor moisture levels to prevent fungal growth.

Surface Modification of Copper Alloy by Nd: YAG Laser: An Analytical Study on Roughness Evolution and Wettability

Suleiman Elhamali, Lubna Zawi, Hussein Elmasrub, Abdulmagid Bouzed — Sat, 30 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Copper alloys are frequently used in a variety of industrial applications due to their high thermal and electrical conductivity. However, precise control over surface properties is required for improved performance in heat transmission, electronics, and corrosion resistance. In this study, the impact of laser treatment on a copper alloy surface irradiated by a pulsed Nd: YAG laser was investigated. The effects of laser power (10, 20, 30 W), scanning speed (100, 500, 1000 mm/s), and pulse repetition rate (10, 20, 30 kHz) on surface roughness and wettability were systematically explored. The experimental results were analyzed using the Taguchi method, which revealed that pulse repetition rate is the most critical parameter in controlling both surface roughness and wettability.

Impact of EM and NPK on growth and quality of maize

S. I. J. Mumin, A. F. B. Embarek — Tue, 02 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted on a private farm in Tobruk during the 2025 season to study the effect of fertilization with effective microorganisms and NPK on the growth and quality of maize. The experiment consisted of seven treatments: control, 50 ml/L EM + 25% NPK, 100 ml/L EM + 25% NPK, 150 ml/L EM + 25% NPK, 200 EM ml/L + 25% NPK, 250 ml/L EM + % 25NPK, and 300 ml/L EM + 25% NPK, in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results showed that the addition of effective microorganisms at a concentration of 300 ml/l + NPK %25 recorded the highest values for both vegetative traits (plant height, leaf area index, number of leaves/plant, total chlorophyll content), yield traits (cob length, number of ears/plant, cob weight, ear weight/plant, 100-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield), and chemical traits (percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, protein). This was followed by the concentration of 250 ml/l NPK %25 + EM, which recorded the highest values for vegetative traits (plant height, leaf area index, number of leaves/plant, total chlorophyll content). Yield traits (cob length, number of ears/plant, cob weight, number of ears/plant, 100-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield), chemical traits (percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, protein), compared to the control treatment which recorded the lowest values for vegetative traits (plant height, leaf area index, number of leaves/plant, total chlorophyll content), yield traits (cob length, number of ears/plant, cob weight, number of ears/plant, 100-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield), chemical traits (percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, protein), respectively. The main activity of effective microorganisms (EM) seems to be increasing the biodiversity of soil microbes, leading to increased crop productivity. Photosynthetic bacteria, which are the main components of EM, are said to work synergistically with other microorganisms to support the nutritional requirements of plants and reduce the occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms.

An Empirical Comparative Analysis of ChatGPT and DeepSeek in NLP: Text Generation, Summarization, Translation, and User Feedback Evaluation

Aisha Hamed Bubaker, Nadia Mohammed Senussi — Thu, 04 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Understanding the capabilities of AI tools is incredibly important, especially as they become more integrated into our daily lives. This study examines two AI tools: ChatGPT and DeepSeek-V3. This research aims to conduct a comprehensive comparison between the two tools in terms of performance, flexibility. In this paper we evaluate the capabilities of each tool in natural language processing. Data was collected by performing the same activities with each tool, and the accuracy and quality of the outcomes were recorded. Additionally, each tool's adaptability to various criteria was tested. The findings demonstrated ChatGPT's strong performance in general tasks and natural language processing, as well as its user-friendliness and high degree of adaptability to a wide range of needs. On the other hand, DeepSeek-V3 demonstrated outstanding performance in specialized tasks, producing precise and effective results in particular domains such as translation.

Incidence and Determinants of Postoperative Sensitivity Following Class I and II Composite Restorations: A Prospective Clinical Study

Abeer Faraj Mesbah, Siham Mohamed Omar — Sat, 06 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Postoperative dental sensitivity following composite resin restorations is a common complication that may negatively affect patient comfort and satisfaction. Despite advances in adhesive systems and restorative techniques, the incidence, severity, and contributing clinical factors associated with postoperative sensitivity remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and severity of postoperative sensitivity after Class I and II composite restorations and to investigate its association with clinical variables including cavity depth, restoration class, adhesive type, insertion technique, and curing protocol.

Materials and Methods: A one-year prospective clinical study was conducted in 2024 at the Dental Learning Center in Sirt. A total of 218 patients aged 18–60 years requiring Class I or II posterior composite restorations were included. Restorations were performed according to standardized clinical protocols by calibrated operators. Postoperative sensitivity was assessed at 24 hours, 7 days, and 30 days using a Patient Sensitivity Follow-up Questionnaire that evaluated sensitivity type, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS 0–10) scores, and impact on daily activities. Patients were permitted to report more than one sensitivity trigger. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square and ANOVA tests with SPSS version 26.

Results: At 24 hours, 72 patients (33%) reported postoperative sensitivity, with cold stimuli (56%) and biting or chewing pressure (35%) being the most common triggers among symptomatic patients. Sensitivity decreased to 34 patients (16%) after 7 days and to 9 patients (4%) after 30 days. Mean VAS scores decreased from 4.2 ± 1.8 at 24 hours to 0.7 ± 0.9 at 30 days. Class II restorations and deeper cavities were significantly associated with greater sensitivity severity and incidence (p < 0.05), whereas adhesive type, insertion technique, and curing protocol showed no statistically significant associations. Among symptomatic patients, interference with eating was reported by 85% at 24 hours, decreasing substantially during follow-up.

Conclusion: Postoperative sensitivity following composite restorations was generally temporary and self-limiting, with most symptoms resolving within 30 days. Larger and deeper restorations, particularly Class II restorations, were more susceptible to postoperative sensitivity. Careful operative technique and appropriate patient counseling remain important for minimizing postoperative discomfort. Further multicenter studies with longer follow-up periods are recommended to better clarify factors influencing postoperative sensitivity and optimize restorative outcomes.

Seroprevalence of H. pylori Infection Among Anemic Patients in Tarhuna City

Fathi Albashir Hasan, Jamal Mahmoud Alayadi — Mon, 08 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Anemia, particularly iron deficiency anemia, is a significant global health problem. While various factors contribute to its etiology, recent evidence suggests a strong association with Helicobacter pylori infection [1-3]. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of H. pylori in a population and to assess the association between H. pylori infection and anemia.

Methods: A total of 100 participants were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. The population was divided into two groups: an anemic group (n=21) and a non-anemic group (n=79). The presence of H. pylori infection was determined by detecting H. pylori IgG antibodies in serum [12,13]. A Chi-square test was performed to evaluate the statistical significance of the association between H. pylori seropositivity and anemia status, with a significance level set at p<0.05 [7,8].

Results: The overall seroprevalence of H. pylori was 55% (n=55). A significantly higher seroprevalence was found in the anemic group (85.7%, n=18) compared to the non-anemic group (46.8%, n=37) [7]. The association between H. pyloriseropositivity and anemia was found to be statistically significant (χ²(1) = 11.83, p<0.001) [7,8].

Conclusion: This study demonstrates a strong and highly significant association between H. pylori infection and anemia [6,7,8].

The findings suggest that H. pylori is a major risk factor for anemia.

Development of a Higher-Order Iterative Method with Variable Parameters for the Roots of Starlike Functions

Asma A. Almahrouq, Salma F. R. Naji, M. Darus — Tue, 09 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this present paper, a new iterative scheme is obtained, designed to compute the roots of starlike functions and to address the constrains faced by traditional iterative algorithms when dealing with this specific class of functions. This is achieved by combining the development formula with coefficients of the variable m and α, which demonstrating that both the order of convergence and computational efficiency improve as these coefficients increase. The numerical examples confirm the proposed scheme's ability to solve the drawbacks of classical methods, achieving high numerical efficiency and a convergence rate that is faster compared to known traditional methods.

Reframing Academic Autonomy in Algorithmically Mediated Knowledge Environments

Anwar Alhenshiri, Wesam Elturjman, Hoda Badesh — Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The increasing integration of intelligent recommendation systems into academic research environments represents a fundamental shift in how scholarly knowledge is accessed, evaluated, and produced. While such systems promise efficiency and improved information discovery, their growing influence raises critical theoretical questions concerning academic autonomy, epistemic agency, and algorithmic mediation. This study presents a conceptual and analytical examination of how intelligent recommendation systems interact with the autonomy of research decision-making among academics. Drawing on interdisciplinary literature from artificial intelligence, information science, decision theory, epistemology, and science and technology studies, the study argues that recommendation systems function not merely as neutral tools, but as epistemic mediators that actively structure research choices. Through a comparative analysis of theoretical models, the study demonstrates that academic autonomy is neither simply preserved nor undermined, but reconfigured within algorithmically mediated knowledge environments. The findings contribute a refined theoretical framework for understanding autonomy under algorithmic influence and provide a foundation for future empirical research and ethical system design in academic contexts.

Synthesis of Novel Heterocyclic Derivatives with Potential Bioactivity Using Modern Catalytic Techniques

Gamal Aboulgasem, Mahdi Almaky, Waheebah Suwayd, Abdulwahab Tuwati — Thu, 11 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present study reports the design, synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of three novel series of heterocyclic derivatives, comprising pyrazole-pyrimidine hybrid compounds (Series A, compounds 1–6), N-substituted indole derivatives (Series B, compounds 7–12), and oxazole-thiazolidine conjugates (Series C, compounds 13–18), employing modern catalytic strategies including zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NP) catalysis, palladium-copper dual homogeneous catalysis, and L-proline organocatalysis. Comprehensive reaction condition optimization through systematic variation of catalyst type, loading, solvent, and temperature afforded products in isolated yields ranging from 68 to 92% under mild and environmentally favorable conditions. All synthesized compounds were rigorously characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, mass spectrometry (MS), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Biological evaluation through in vitro antimicrobial and anticancer assays revealed that several compounds exhibited remarkable pharmacological activity. Compound 8 demonstrated the highest anticancer potency, with IC₅₀ = 3.20 μM against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and a selectivity index of 26.7 relative to normal cells, surpassing the reference drug doxorubicin. Compound 7 showed potent broad-spectrum antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.78 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. Comprehensive structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis linked electron-withdrawing substitution patterns to enhanced bioactivity across all series. The ZnO NP catalyst demonstrated exceptional recyclability over five consecutive cycles with less than 5.4% decline in yield. This research contributes meaningfully to the development of efficient, selective, and sustainable catalytic routes for the preparation of pharmacologically promising heterocyclic scaffolds.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Hospital Acquired Infection Prevention Among Medical Students at Alkhoms Faculty of Medicine Elmergib University 2025

Mohamed Sryh, Walid Lamiri — Thu, 11 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Medical students’ knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding hospital acquired infections (HAIs) pose a significant risk to patient safety, as HAIs are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study aims to evaluate KAP of medical students at Alkhoms faculty of medicine regarding HAIs prevention and control.

Methods: descriptive cross sectional design study using a Self-administered online questionnaire sent to all students at Alkhoms faculty of medicine Elmergib University at Alkhoms city Libya in April and May 2025.

Results: among all 374 targeted students only 127 responded with 34% response rate. 80.3% of participants aged less than 28 years and 74% of them were females. The level of knowledge was good among 85% of participants, but there were some gaps in their attitude regarding the availability of HAIs prevention facilities and regarding hand hygiene performance.

Conclusion: low response rate highlights the weak compliance of faculty students regarding medical research and performance evaluation. Our participants kknowledge regarding HAIs was good, but that was not the case with their attitude and compliance. more training programs and knowledge sessions regarding HAIs prevention should be performed, more resources should be allocated by hospital administrators regarding hand hygiene materials and facilities availability.

Determination of Essential and Heavy Metals and Phytochemical Screening of Lepidium sativum Seeds from Libya

Soad H. Alsoul, Lutfiyah A. Rahouma, Hana A. Elshaflu — Sat, 13 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The study investigated Lepidium sativum seeds, Lepidium sativum, which were obtained from herbal shops in Libya, to analyze their phytochemical makeup and essential metal and heavy metal content. Phytochemical testing of the aqueous, methanolic, and acetone extracts identified the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids while tannins and anthraquinones were absent. The essential metals showed high levels of potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, phosphorus, and iron. The sample contained different heavy metals which were present in extremely small amounts with Pb measured at 0 µg/100g and Ni at 28.5 ± 1.32 µg/100g and Cu at 35.98 ± 1.05 µg/100g and Hg at 0.277 ± 0.074 µg/100g and Mn at 0.004 ± 0.003 µg /100g. The scientists prepared the samples by first dry ashing 2 grams of powdered seeds at 550 degrees Celsius for 3 hours and then they digested the ash with 12.5 milliliters of HNO₃ before they diluted it to 100 milliliters. The results showed that all detected metals were below the permissible safety limits. The results demonstrate that Lepidium sativum seeds which are sold in stores contain important essential minerals and bioactive substances while showing minimal heavy metal pollution which makes them safe for use in dietary and traditional healing purposes.

Comparison of the Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soil in the Rawagha area of Waddan and the Limestone in Sukna, and the Importance of their uses in the Construction Resort

Abdallh A.A. Lhwaint, Hassan Mohamad Hassn — Sun, 14 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to study and analyze the physical and mechanical properties of the soil of the Rawagha Mountains located in the Waddan region, in addition to the limestone in the Sukna region, because these materials are of great importance in engineering applications and the manufacture of building materials.

Samples collected from both of the sites and subjected to standard geotechnical tests following ASTM and AASHTO specifications, including sieve analysis (ASTM D6913), standard Proctor compaction (ASTM D698), California Bearing Ratio (ASTM D1883), and Los Angeles abrasion (ASTM C131).

Results revealed that the Rawagha soil classified as SP-SM (poorly graded sand with silt) according to USCS, with maximum dry density (MDD) of 1.989 g/cm³ at optimum moisture content (OMC) of 10.7%, and CBR value of 29%. The Suknah limestone aggregate classified as SP (poorly graded sand) with MDD of 2.124 g/cm³ at OMC of 8.0%, and CBR value of 38%. Los Angeles abrasion loss within allowable limits ≤ 40%. The study concludes that both materials are suitable for sub base layers in road construction and general civil engineering applications, if proper moisture control and compaction maintained. The Suknah limestone demonstrates superior mechanical properties compared to Rawagha soil.

This study contributes to providing a reliable scientific database for engineering planning and project implementation in the Jufra region, and opens the door for more detailed future studies on soil and rock behavior in arid and semi-arid environments.

Determination of Groundwater Age in the Northeastern JIFARA Plain, LIBYA, Using Radiocarbon (C14)

Fatima Younes Altomi, Wafa Mohammed ALjdaei, Mohammed Altaher Milad — Sun, 14 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Jifara basin is a wide triangular area in the NE of Libya. This study represents some isotopic characteristics of groundwater in the NE Jifara basin, Libya.

the results obtained from this study Were determination of age. geologic age, and the old climate in which the ground water had beer created by using the concentration of C14 in the samples.

the Row data in this study was provided by General Water Authority Libya.

Association Between Serum Vitamin D Levels and Acute Respiratory Tract Infections Among Preschool Children in Gharyan Hospital, Libya

Najah Rajab Ghoumah, Mustafa Saieh — Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) remain one of the leading causes of morbidity and hospitalization among preschool children worldwide. particularly in low- and middle- income countries. Vitamin D plays a crucial immunomodulatory role in respiratory health by enhancing innate immunity and maintaining epithelial barrier integrity. However, vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among children, including those living in sun- rich regions such as Libya.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess serum vitamin D levels among preschool children admitted with ARTIs at Gharyan Central Teaching Hospital and to evaluate the association between vitamin D status, disease severity, and recurrence.

Methods: A cross-sectional observation study was conducted among 100 preschool children aged 1-6 years admitted with clinically diagnosed ARTIs between January and December 2025. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 79 eligible participants were included in the final analysis. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were measured and categorized according to Endocrine Society guidelines. Associations between vitamin D levels, ARTIs severity, and recurrence were analysed using chi-square tests and logistic regression models.

Results: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were highly prevalent, affecting 87.3% of the studied children. Although lower vitamin D levels were more frequently observed among children with moderate and severe ARTIs, the association with disease severity was not statistically significant (p=0.115). In contrast, a significant association was identified between low vitamin D levels and recurrent ARTIs (p=0.019).

Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among preschool children hospitalized with ARTIs and is significantly associated with recurrent infections. Improving vitamin D status may contribute to reducing the recurrence of ARTIs in this population.

Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Health Risks from Heavy and trace metals in Groundwater Wells in Sabha City

Saeda Maatoq, Ebtesam Altaher, Masauda Alshatory, Aisha Alshanoukie — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to evaluate the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with heavy and trace metals (HMs and TMs) in groundwater wells in Sabha City, Libya. Thirty-six samples were collected from nine wells, coded S1–S9. The results showed that the concentrations of Ni, Mn, Zn, Cr, and Cu were within the permissible limits established by the USEPA and WHO. In contrast, Fe concentrations exceeded the permissible limit in wells S2, S3, S7, S8, and S9, with average concentrations of 3.502, 1.210, .410, .405, and 1.948 mg/L, respectively. Pb concentrations exceeded the WHO permissible limit in samples S1, S2, S6, S7, S8, and S9, with average values of .0437, .0362, .0302, .0590, .0242, and .0200 mg/L, respectively. Cd concentrations exceeded the permissible limit in samples S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, and S9, with average concentrations of .0055, .0157, .0230, .0088, .0058, .0045, .0150, and .0150 mg/L, respectively.

Mathematical models were used to calculate the Average Daily Dose (ADD). The results indicated that the ADD values for HMs and TMs through ingestion and dermal exposure pathways for both adults and children were within the acceptable limits. The Total Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI) values for all detected metals were less than 1, indicating no significant non-carcinogenic health risks to adults or children. However, the Target Cancer Risk (TCR) values ranged from low to moderate carcinogenic risk levels. The sources of metals in groundwater were evaluated using correlation analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Cluster Analysis (CA). The results revealed strong correlations among the studied metals, suggesting that they originate from common sources and follow similar geochemical pathways.

Analytical Solutions of the (2+1)-Dimensional Stochastic Chiral Nonlinear Schrödinger equation Using the Generalized (G'⁄G+A)-Expansion and Jacobi Elliptic Function Methods

Muna Ali Mansour, Fatma M. Ahmed, Mahmoud El-Horbaty — Wed, 17 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study focuses on the (2+1)-dimensional stochastic Chiral Nonlinear Schrödinger equation, which incorporates a multiplicative Gaussian noise component. By applying the generalized (G'⁄G+A)-expansion method and the Jacobi elliptic function method, various accurate analytical solutions were derived, including bright solitons, Kink-type dark solitons, and periodic solitons. The research also evaluates the physical stability and structural integrity of these waves under the influence of random disturbances. Numerical simulations showed that the solutions obtained maintain their properties despite the presence of noise, which confirms the robustness of the analytical results. These results provide important insights into wave propagation in random nonlinear media, particularly in the fields of optical fibers and plasma physics.

Environmental Impact of Gas Flaring Emissions in Oil Installations Al-Wafa Oil Field at Mellitah Company: A Case Study

Eng. Hisham A. Al-Har, Eng. Yousef A. Al-Aswad, Dr. Abdunaser O. Susi — Sat, 20 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Flare gases are byproducts, either associated gases produced during oil and gas separation, processing, and production operations in oil fields such as Al-Wafa oil field or return gases from manufacturing processes in production units. These gases are flared to ensure system stability, at startup, or due to emergency shutdowns, as in reduction plants, for example. Flaring gases are known to cause environmental, health, and economic damage, resulting in greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and the waste of valuable energy resources. This paper aims to define flare gases, quantify the amounts flared globally, and explain modern technologies for reducing flare emissions. It also outlines methods for measuring emissions and the associated environmental and economic impacts. The methodology is based on a case study conducted at Al-Wafa oil field, operated by Mellitah Oil and Gas Company, a subsidiary of the National Oil Corporation in Libya. The study employs a descriptive, statistical, mathematical, and analytical approach, collecting data and information, and calculating the quantities of flared gases burned at the Wafa field. It also calculates greenhouse gas emissions, comparing them to global measurements and internationally recognized standards adopted by several international and local bodies and agencies. The study concludes by determining the quantities and components of flared gases, as well as the rates and types of emissions resulting from flaring at Al-Wafa field. This is based on the collected data and the use of mathematical equations to calculate the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO2e) equivalent to emissions. The study reveals that the largest proportion of emissions is carbon dioxide, a primary contributor to global warming and a serious pollutant. It concludes with recommendations regarding the potential for utilizing the large and significant volume of flared gases at Al-Wafa field.

Adaptive Explainable Deep Learning Framework for Intelligent Intrusion Detection and Forensic Threat Logging in Enterprise Networks

Musbah Abobaker Musbah, Abdalslam S. Imhmed Mohamed — Sat, 20 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The increasing sophistication of cyberattacks has exposed significant limitations in conventional intrusion detection systems (IDSs), particularly their inability to adapt to evolving attack patterns while simultaneously providing interpretable and forensically valuable outputs. This study presents an adaptive explainable deep learning framework for intelligent intrusion detection and forensic threat logging in enterprise network environments. The proposed architecture integrates a hybrid Autoencoder–BiLSTM classifier with an attention mechanism and a structured forensic logging engine to support both real-time attack detection and post-incident analysis. Network traffic records derived from the NSL-KDD and CICIDS2017 datasets were pre-processed through feature normalization, categorical encoding, and class-balancing procedures using SMOTE. The hybrid model was trained to classify traffic into five attack categories: Normal, DoS, Probe, R2L, and U2R. Explainability was incorporated through SHAP-based feature attribution to improve model transparency and analyst trust. Experimental evaluation demonstrated an overall accuracy of 98.41%, precision of 98.02%, recall of 98.16%, F1-score of 98.09%, and a false positive rate of 0.92%, outperforming Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, XGBoost, and conventional MLP architectures. In addition, the proposed framework maintained structured forensic records containing attacker metadata, confidence scores, severity indices, and temporal attack correlations suitable for digital forensic investigations and threat intelligence workflows. The results indicate that combining adaptive deep learning, explainable analytics, and forensic-aware logging significantly improves the operational reliability of modern IDS platforms. The proposed framework provides a scalable and deployable foundation for intelligent cybersecurity monitoring in enterprise and cloud-based infrastructures.

A Comprehensive Comparison between Galerkin Method Using Gegenbauer Wavelets and Modified Galerkin Algorithm Using Shifted Jacobi Polynomials for Solving Special Fredholm Integral Equations

Amna M. Nasr, Entesar M. Nasr — Sun, 21 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper considers two advanced spectral Galerkin methods for special Fredholm integral equations, namely, the Gegenbauer Wavelet Galerkin Method (GWGM) and the Modified Jacobi Galerkin Algorithm (MJGA), in a rigorous comparative study. The GWGM, based on Gegenbauer wavelets, is well adapted to catching the localized characters of the solutions, while the MJGA, which is based on shifted Jacobi polynomials, ensures
a fast convergence rate when the kernels are smooth. We develop theoretical underpinnings of both schemes, including convergence analysis along with computational complexity, and illustrate performance by extensive numerical experiments. It turns out that GWGM is more accurate for problems with localized singularities, whereas MJGA exponentially converges in the case of functions with global smoothness. The study carries out the computational trade-offs of both approaches and derives practical challenges where each is superior. This work considerably extends the numerical analysis by providing an overall performance test that will guide researchers in choosing the best spectral method for solving integral equations arising in mathematical physics and engineering applications.